Over the course of the past two decades, more half the country legalizing cannabis for both medical or recreational use, and rising along with this trend of legalization is the push for research into the potential benefits and utility that cannabis may provide. Thus far the research has revealed several areas of beneficial interests. In a Johnson and Wales University article, “7 Potential Health Benefits of Cannabis, benefits include blood pressure reduction (para. 4), anti-inflammatory agent (para. 5), relapse prevention among drug users (para. 6), anti-anxiety agent (para. 7), gastrointestinal disorder treatment (para. 8), seizure prevention (para. 9), and anti-cancer agent (Isles, C., 2021, para. 10). This range of benefits can help prevent and treat many disorders and diseases which plague our society today. Relapse prevention among drug users is one area in particular that is garnering some attention from addiction treatment centers, with some already implementing cannabis into their treatment programs, including places like The Heavenly Center and High Sobriety. The age-old notion of cannabis being a “gateway drug” is being challenged by the latest research that suggests cannabis should be classified as an “exit drug” that can be utilized to help reduce use of various harmful substances, including prescription drugs, alcohol, and other substances (Walsh, Z. et al., 2017, p. 21). With this being said, addiction treatment centers should consider offering their recovering client’s medical cannabis to ensure a greater chance of success by reducing cravings, mitigating withdrawal symptoms, and improving mood.
The first area of examination is the reduction of cravings experienced by recovering addicts. Cravings for the original drug of choice can be intense and are oftentimes one of the primary causes for relapse. According to the National Institute for Drug Abuse, causes for increased cravings are often triggered by stress related to family, work, and life, as well as illnesses such as chronic pain and anxiety (2018, p. 9). Moreover, these triggers are crucial to moderate in order to promote a successful journey to sobriety for the recovering addict. The statistics for relapse for post-recovery is between 40- 60% (p. 15), and this number is even higher among opiate addicts in abstinence-only facilities where up to 80% or more relapse (Wiese, B., & Wilson-Poe, A. R., 2018, p. 181). With such high rates of relapse, it is imperative that addiction treatment facilities provide recovering addicts with proper tools to help reduce the chances of relapse safely and in production. One systematic review published in the US Pharmacist titled “Medical Cannabis for Chronic Pain” found that studies reveal how cannabis helps treat pain through the activation of the CB1 and CB2 receptors found within the endocannabinoid system in our bodies that governs all other internal systems, including the nervous system, immune system, cardiovascular system, etc. The activation of these two receptors is primarily accomplished by the ingestion of two prominent cannabinoids found within the cannabis plant: THC and CBD. The study states, “Cannabis has been employed to treat pain based on its action on both CB1 and CB1 receptors. CB receptor agonists have been revealed to cause antinociceptive and antihyperalgesic effects by regulating neuronal and non–nervous system inflammatory activity” (p. 27). Moreover, a 2019 study published in the Journal of Pscyhoactive Drugs evaluated data from 1,000 individuals taking legalized cannabis in one state, and found that among the 65% of individuals using cannabis for pain, 80% found it was very or tremendously helpful. This led to 82% of these individuals being able to reduce, or halt, taking OTC pain medications and 88% being able to halt taking opioids (Terrie, Y., p. 28). Another study also revealed that medical cannabis use was associated with clinical improvements in pain, function, and quality of life with reductions in prescription drug use; 73% either ceased or decreased opioid consumption and 31% discontinued benzodiazepines (Greis, A, et al., 2021, para. 1). Cannabis has also been shown to reduce alcohol cravings by using CBD which can reduce stress-related alcohol consumption, withdrawal convulsions, and impulsive alcohol use, as well as reduce alcohol cravings (Dresden, D., 2023, para. 11). Moreover, other animal studies have revealed that using CBD can lower motivation to drink or seek out alcohol (para. 12). By utilizing cannabis in helping reduce cravings and mitigate triggers, recovering addicts can feel more confident in their chances of a successful recovery, helping support the case for cannabis utilization in addiction treatment centers program options.
The reduction in cravings that cannabis provides is imperative for the overall success for the recovering addict; the easement of withdrawal symptoms is also a vital contributing factor in projecting a successful road to recovery. According to the American Addiction Center, common withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, depression, insomnia, fevers, pain, sweats, tremors, hallucinations, and seizures (Sharp, A., 2023, para 2). During recovery, the accompanying withdrawal symptoms can be severe, if not fatal in some cases. It is then of vital importance for addiction treatment facilities to monitor and treat patients accordingly in order to prevent any catastrophic circumstances that may either put the recovering individual on the road to relapse or even death (para 9). Several studies presented by Zach Walsh et al have suggested the potential therapeutic application of cannabis for treating anxiety by the calming effect of both THC and CBD and for treating depressive disorders, both of which are common symptoms among recovering addicts. CBD in particular has been shown to alleviate other withdrawal symptoms, including tremors, seizures, and hallucinations. This is accomplished due to the anticonvulsant, antipsychotic, and anti-hallucinogenic effects of CBD on the nervous system, as well as the calming effect found within the compound, too (2017, p. 22). In a 2018 study published in Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research titled “Emerging Evidence for Cannabis’ Role in Opioid Use Disorder”, revealed that numerous pre-clinical studies have shown that cannabis and cannabinoids found within the plant help decrease opioid withdrawal symptoms (Wiese, B., & Wilson-Poe, A. R. p. 182). Another study, “The Impact of Naturalistic Cannabis Use on Self-Reported Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms”, (2020) in the Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, revealed that among recovering opiate addicts, most participants stated that cannabis helped them with their withdrawal symptoms. Sixty-three percent of the respondents reported using cannabis to treat opioid withdrawal. Of those respondents, 72% reported cannabis improved opioid withdrawal, 6.4% reported cannabis worsened opioid withdrawal, and 20% reported cannabis improved some but worsened other opioid withdrawal symptoms (para. 10). Moreover, the days that they did not use cannabis to mitigate withdrawal symptoms, the severity of experienced withdrawals nearly increased twofold on those particular days, revealing the potential benefit and relief that cannabis provides for opiate recovery patients. Commonly improved symptoms included anxiety, trouble sleeping, and muscle/bone pains and aches (para. 12). Cannabis’ effectiveness in combating withdrawal symptoms among recovering addicts is of paramount importance in helping addicts overcome these severe and potentially fatal side effects of abstinence that again helps support the case for addiction recovery facilities integration of cannabis into their pre-existing recovery program.
Cannabis helps reduce both cravings and experienced withdrawal symptoms and yet its potential does not end there. When it comes to a successful recovery, helping patients combat depression and insomnia, common symptoms experienced by drug and alcohol addicts, is of dire importance to help mitigate the chances of relapse (Sharp, A., 2023, para. 2). Depression can either be a withdrawal related onset symptom or a preexisting condition that helped prompt the consumer to indulge in the first place, either way it is important to help the recovering patient deal with the depressed symptoms accordingly. According to several studies found by Zach Walsh et al, both THC and CBD have been shown to help treat depressive disorders by producing a calming effect and improving overall mood (2017, p. 22). Another study published in The Journal of Neuroscience found that both preclinical and clinical studies state that “cannabis modulates mood and possesses antidepressant-like properties, mediated by the agonistic activity of cannabinoids on central CB1 receptors (CB1Rs)” (Bambico, F, et al. 2007, para. 1). Sleep, too, is imperative for recovery. it can be hindered by the onset of insomnia experienced by recovering addicts. Studies have shown that cannabis helps individuals who experience insomnia to fall asleep faster while achieving a better night’s rest. One study published in the Canadian Pharmacist Journal (2022) included a retrospective chart review that was conducted at Hybrid Pharm community pharmacy in Ottawa, Ontario, and included patients who were interested in, or already using, medical cannabis for sleep disorders. They used a qualitative, exploratory approach when evaluating the descriptive efficacy and safety of medical cannabis when prescribed for insomnia. Their results found that, at the time of data collection, 39% of patients could reduce or completely discontinue prescription medication for sleep. During follow-up, 71% reported a subjective improvement in their sleep (p. 175). By elevating mood and inducing qualitative sleep, cannabis again reveals its potential in helping treat recovering patients, and thus helping sustain a properly projected pathway to a successful road to full recovery that addiction treatment facilities should acknowledge.
Proponents of opposing the implementation of cannabis within addiction treatment facilities claim that the dangers associated with cannabis use that includes its own propensity for addiction, withdrawal symptoms, the potential of encouraging relapse, and long-term negative effects are all of major concern. A research report published by the National Institute of Drug Abuse in 2021 revealed how cannabis can lead to a substance use disorder, and in severe cases can lead to addiction. This report also examined common withdrawal symptoms among those seeking to quit long term cannabis abuse that includes irritability, mood and sleep difficulties, decreased appetite, cravings, restlessness, and other forms of physical discomfort (para. 2). Moreover, since cannabis has the potential to become addictive and comes with its own onset of withdrawal symptoms, it then comes with the potential to instigate a recovering addict into relapse. In the same report in the section titled, “What are marijuana’s long-term effects on the brain?” it revealed that substantial evidence from animal research and a growing number of studies in humans indicate that marijuana exposure during development can cause long-term or possibly permanent adverse changes in the brain. One study exposed rats to THC before birth, soon after birth, or during adolescence, showing notable problems with specific learning and memory tasks later in life.Cognitive impairments in adult rats exposed to THC during adolescence were associated with structural and functional changes in the hippocampus region (para. 1). Although these counterarguments can appear daunting for addiction treatment facilities to combat, it is imperative that addiction treatment facilities delve into these arguments on a deeper level, and then weigh in the overall benefits and negatives to draw proper conclusions.
Opponents to the utilization of cannabis make their case, and yet evidence contrary to their claims state otherwise. For instance, it is true that cannabis can become addictive in severe cases, while within the same report by the National Institute of Drug Abuse (2021), it reveals that the addictive population among users is only 9% (para.1). Moreover, these statistics are associated solely with long-term users, and thus the short-term usage that would be utilized in rehab diminishes the chances of developing an addiction to the plant. In relationship to combating cannabis withdrawal symptoms, of which are mild in comparison to the other substances of abuse that recovering addicts seek rehab for. Also, cannabis withdrawal symptoms typically subside in as little as two weeks or less, making a case for potential withdrawal experience of little concern (para. 2). As far as the case for the potential of cannabis instigating relapse, the major concern is that of anxiety provocation caused by THC, can be diminished by properly administering higher dosages of CBD which helps mitigate THC onset of anxiety (Gibson, L. et al., 2021, para. 1). Furthermore, just any type of treatment, by properly monitoring patients, healthcare providers at rehab facilities can properly assess patients’ reactions to the cannabis treatment as some may respond well while others may not, and make adjustments accordingly. In the case for the long-term negative effects of cannabis use, studies have shown that these negative effects are generally a result of long-term cannabis exposure and not the short-term exposure that would be experienced in addiction treatment facilities. And these effects are also reversible by simply abstaining from cannabis use for as little as 28 days (Walsh, Z., 2017, pp. 23-24). By taking these rebuttals into account and implementing them accordingly, addiction treatment facilities should have more confidence in their decision to integrate cannabis into their treatment program options.
As research on the potential of cannabis continues to increase, the more acceptance of the plant in the public sphere it will garner. This acceptance, along with all of its potential benefits, should be of consideration for those in the medical field, including that of addiction treatment facilities. Cannabis has been shown to reduce cravings, combat withdrawal symptoms, and improve mood and sleep among recovering addicts with little to no side effects or long term negative effects, and thus making their transition from an addict to a success that much better. This improved, naturalistic transitional approach is imperative not only to the success of the individual recovering, but for the treatment facility seeking to facilitate the needs of the individual. By incorporating cannabis into addiction treatment facilities’ program options, success rates should increase which benefits ultimately benefits all of society in the end by reducing the potential of addiction and helping get people back on their feet and into society as fully functioning contributors to the whole.
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